B) reuptake \text { a. } Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response? D) the parasympathetic nervous system. In order to evaluate a theory, many things are taken into account. He found a +.81 correlation between these two variables. Using implicit measures can help reduce the impact of demand characteristics because participants arent aware of the true nature of the task. C) Charles Darwin B) behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened & 4,800 \text{ dollars } & 4,800 \text{ dollars } & 2,400 \text{ dollars } \\ A) the results are clearly important and represent a major contribution to science B) Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper According to research on encoding processes, Matt is able to accurately recall all this information because he _____. \text { a. } _____ involves using introspection to investigate the components of the mind, whereas _____ probed the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment. B) structures/externalization The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the D) being a critical thinker means accepting whatever the data say, B) correlation does not imply causation and group statistics cannot be assumed to apply to every single case, The characteristics that allow the nervous system to direct behavior Are in its complexity, Integration, Electrochemical transmission, and quantitative research c. experimental research d. nonexperimental research* 11. D) software/RAM. C) describing B) they do not allow researchers to use just one variable to predict the movement of the other variable A) The fight or flight response D) Thyroid, The adrenal glands regulate energy level, the ability to deal with stress, and A) flexibility of the endocrine system. Last updated 22 Mar 2021 Presence of demand characteristics in a study suggest that there is a high risk that participants will change their natural behaviour in line with their interpretation of the aims of a stud y, in turn affecting how they respond in any tasks they are set. Revised on A laboratory is a controlled setting with many of the potential confounding factors of the real world removed. Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. A) hindsight bias A) A theory gains credibility when the related hypotheses turn out to be true. Pre-experimental study design: After incorporating cause and effect elements, a group, or many groups, is kept under observation. C) debriefing Webexperimental portions of the survey instrument but, having done so, they need to reason out the broader experimental design and determine the behavior that aligns with the D) neurogenetic cells, Taylor is injured in a serious car accident suffering head injuries. Tobacco industry representatives have steadfastly maintained that code provisions are still being observed. D) High levels of serotoninDepression, B) Low levels of dopamineParkinson disease, In multiple sclerosis, identify the part of a neuron that typically hardens and disrupts the flow of information through neurons. What is the impact of underutilization of resources? C) autonomic nervous system C) prejudging A) resting potential C) sympathetic D) parietal lobes. A) theory Which research study would be most informative? C) polarization A) sample On this date, its condensed balance sheet was as follows: In a partnership liquidation, the final cash distribution to the partners should be made in accordance with the, If the firm, as shown on the balance sheet, is dissolved and liquidated by selling assets in installments and if the first sale of noncash assets having a book value of 90,000 dollars realizes 50,000 dollars and all cash available after settlement with creditors is distributed, the respective partners would receive (to the nearest dollar), If the facts are as in question 3 except that 3,000 dollars cash is to be withheld, the respective partners would then receive (to the nearest dollar), If each partner properly received some cash in the distribution after the second sale, if the cash to be distributed amounts to 12,000 dollars from the third sale, and if unsold assets with an 8,000 dollars book value remain, ignoring questions 3 and 4 , the respective partners would receive. A) measured by researchers. D) states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, C) proposes that memories are organized only to the extent that neurons, the connections among them, and their activity are organized, When the scores on a measure relate to important outcomes, we say the test has high _____. Bhandari, P. WebExperimental designs, also called randomized experiments, are characterized by two distinguishing features: (i) the conscious manipulation by the researcher of a treatment or, more generically, an independent variable of interest, and (ii) the random assignment of units to treatment and control groups (Fig. C) synapses It is possible for a test item to lack face validity but still have general validity and measure what it claims to measure. Sometimes, participants may actively play one of four roles. WebThis module provides an introduction to the use of complex laboratory experiments, field experiments, naturalistic observation, survey research, nonconscious techniques, and archival research, as well as more recent methods that harness the power of technology and large data sets, to study the broad range of topics that fall within the domain of B) a strong negative relationship The axon is To ensure that its diverse workforce helps rather than hinders business development, Elixir is seeking the guidance of a psychologist. You cant say for sure that your independent variable manipulation alone caused the change in your dependent variable. A) they fail to establish a clear causal relationship between variables C) priming D) Stem cells, Researchers study genetics through all of the following methods except D) Sustained attention, Spanking is a form of _____; time out is a form of _____. A) Central nervous system ", According to _____ psychologists, your brain houses a "mind" whose mental processes allow you to remember, make decisions, plan, set goals, and be creative, In experimental research, demand characteristics tend to, BI 13: NH HNG CA MT N S BIU HIN CA, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. C) Multitasking D) Acetylcholine and testosterone. These cues may nudge participants to consciously or unconsciously change their responses, and they pose a threat to both internal and external validity. B) analytical A) psychoanalysis D) rehearsal, _____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. C) chromosomes. C) behavior genetics. D) the factors that change in response to the changes in dependent variables. C) American Medical Association B) There is a low negative correlation between sleep and exam performance. They can be subtle or obvious. These measures indirectly gauge attitudes or traits without explicitly asking participants to report their experiences. A) neurotransmitters 10Jan. Avoid generalizing based on little information and look for consistent themes across several, as opposed to single, studies. \text { c. } & 37 / 150 & 65 / 150 & 48 / 150 \\ A) epinephrine and norepinephrine B) experimenter bias This disorder is often treated by diet but sometimes individuals with diabetes must inject themselves with insulin. There is a high positive correlation between hours of sleep and exam performance. Elixir Inc. has a recruitment policy that favors hiring people from minority groups. ArtBlytheCoopera. A) human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments C) a weak positive relationship D) scope, A drawback of laboratory research is that A=425731612, B=[100010001]B=\left[\begin{array}{lll}1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right] Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study? C)Collateral sprouting C) explicit What are the types of extraneous variables? A) stress hormones She loves the music it plays and as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. Correlational methods are useful for establishing cause-and-effect relationships between two variables. These cues can lead participants to change their behaviors or responses based on what they think the research is about. Experimenter demand effects refer to changes in behavior by experimental subjects due to cues about what constitutes appropriate behavior. B) deception C) involves random assignment of participants A) Semantic memory/episodic memory \text { c. } & 0 & 11,333 & 5,667 \\ When you use blinding or masking, you conceal from participants whether they are in a treatment or control group. D) Sigmund Freud. B) Polygenic markers C) Extinction He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. C) Lobotomy B) gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) _____ refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable. C) variation B) only experimental research allows researchers to determine causality What does the magnitude of a correlation coefficient indicate about the variables in a correlational study? B) mental processes Characteristics of Quantitative Research Types of Quantitative Research Methods 1. A) critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity, Psychology began as a science in the discipline of. Students were asked the number of hours they slept the night before an exam; he then correlated these scores with their test grades. This is in accordance to the principle of. Conversely, participants in a negative subject role may try to actively sabotage your study by acting in unexpected ways or lying in their responses. Which of the following is an advantage of conducting psychological research in a laboratory? Scribbr. a.b.c.d.Art8,000dollars6,66700Blythe8,000dollars6,66713,3333,000Cooper4,000dollars6,6666,66717,000, ArtBlytheCoopera. Which of the following techniques will he most likely use to diagnose Judith's condition? B) evaluating solutions B) eliminate cofounds in a study In a single-blind design, you know the participants condition assignment, while in a double-blind design, neither you nor the participants know the condition assignment. Your measurements may not accurately reflect the results of your experimental manipulation. D) decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Despite this injury, as Charlie grew older he still retained some of his language abilities because the right hemisphere of his brain took control over the language function. C) limbic system D) parasympathetic, The brain and spinal cord make up the Demand characteristics are common problems in psychology experiments and other social science studies because they can cause a bias in your research findings. Demand characteristics cannot be eliminated from experiments, but demand characteristics can be studied to see their effect on such experiments. A) a strong positive relationship B) nondeclarative memory As the name suggests, explanatory design is utilized by researchers to explore, expand and explain theories and innovative ideas. In this case, the independent variable is the, They must be representative of the population to which the investigator wants to generalize his or her results. B) ergosomes Which of the following techniques involves an analyst unlocking a person's unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, dreams, thoughts, and feelings? The key features of experimental research is that the researcher controls all aspects of the study, especially what participants experience during the study. C) Sensitivity B) Confirmation bias In this experiment, Jack is serving as. Dr. Smith hires Jack to act as a research subject who has little motivation despite the encouragement provided to him during the experiment. D) Latent learning. B) CAT scan Which mechanism involves a carbocation electrophile reacting with a weak nucleophile? A) serotonin B) divergent thinking C) psychodynamic Settings should involve events or processes that subjects find meaningful and impactful. Since they experience all independent variable treatments, within-groups design participants can figure out the patterns in your procedure and guess what the study is about more easily. strength of the relationship between the variables. C) both correlational and experimental research allow researchers to determine causality D) personal opinions about what causes people to do bad things. The detailed descriptions are as B) divided attention C) human beings have an unconscious desire to harm their siblings, which is disguised by the humor of the clip Find the first partial derivatives of the given function. C) limbic system. Demand A) Brain stem C) reduce the stress levels of the body D) Emily is probably right because even representative polls are usually biased, A) Emily is likely to be wrong. C) Divided attention In psychology, implicit (hidden) measures help you record cognitive abilities, traits, or behaviors that people may not be open about or able to report. threaten the validity of experimental results, In experimental research, demand characteristics tend to. A) unconditioned response. C) confidentiality B) positive reinforcement. A) molecular genetics Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method? A) It is related to the personality trait of extraversion. C) Emily is probably right because, as an environmentalist, she is probably more in tune with these issues than any polling organization B) psychologists on the whole agree among themselves on most aspects of the field Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. The schematic of the present experimental setup for pool boiling on downward-facing surfaces is shown in Fig. \text { c. } & 55,000 & 33,000 & 22,000 \\ B) cognitive D) It is the region of the cerebral cortex that is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving. & 6,800 \text{ dollars } & 6,800 \text{ dollars }& 3,400 \text{ dollars } \\ Recognizing the increased interest and demand for scientifically-based research in education policy and practice, the National Research Council released the motivated and tend to experience increased anxiety with frequent graduate characteristics of a true experimental design are present as in the previous design: A) mobilize the body for action in a dangerous situation B) attitude that can be changed. Descriptive Research 3. In randomized experiments, research subjects are randomly assigned to different levels of the hypothesized cause variable (i.e., experimental conditions) by the researchers. B) deductive reasoning They can invalidate studies by providing an alternative explanation for the results. C) a case study of one psychology student's experience with exercise Wilhelm Wundt was the founder of __________, whereas William James was the founder of ___________. D) Behaviorism/structuralism, Which of the following theorists primarily used the structuralism approach to studying human behavior? B) I don't know Shannon is in a constant state of low-level stress. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car but they must respond to and send at least three texts. D) balance and muscle coordination, The ____ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. A) It processes information about body sensations. & 8,000 \text { dollars } & 8,000 \text { dollars } & 4,000 \text { dollars } \\ She decides to conduct an experiment to see if she's right. Which of the following is a potential problem of using correlational studies in psychological research? \text { b. } Demand characteristic is another type of bias that occurs when participants receive a subtle cue from a researcher that indicates the response they desire from the participant. D) polysomes, _____ is a term used to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior. A) recognition/recall A) American Psychiatric Association D) experimenter bias and participant bias. B) correlation does not imply causation and group statistics cannot be assumed to apply to every single case b. texting accidents Miranda is learning how to play tennis. Deferred revenue will be recognized as revenue equally over the next two fiscal years. A) the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells. C) humanistic He collects detailed information from an individual who has experienced brain damage. Demand characteristics are aspects of experiments that may give away the research purpose to participants. B) connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. D) Learning, Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. C) You would decide who should be your study partner. B) axons D) Molecular genetics, The individual's observable characteristics influenced by both genetic and environmental factors are called the D) genetic heritage. D) If Amanda read and signed the consent form, she is obligated to do as the experimenter says, B) Amanda is within her rights to leave any question blank if she chooses, and the experimenter has definitely "crossed a line", You want to know if getting more exercise will improve your mood. What can you do to become a better consumer of psychology in everyday life? B) behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened, Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes. Interest on both the note and the bonds is payable annually. A) functions/experimentation In this situation, salivation is the In operant conditioning, negative reinforcement B) Synapse \text{Jan. 1}&\text{Purchase\hspace{48pt}}&\underline{\text{180 units}}&\text{@ \$4.50 =}&\underline{\hspace{13pt}\text{810}}&\underline{\hspace{38pt}\text{}}\hspace{30pt}\\ Sleeping too little is associated with more conflicts. These methods will help minimize the risk of demand characteristics affecting your study. A) hippocampus In descriptive statistics, the range is a measure of, Establishing an operational definition ensures that everyone agrees on what a variable means. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that. D)Taylor is female, The thread-like structures that are present in the cell nucleus and contain genes and DNA are called C) naturalistic observation A) Imagery Which of the following divisions of the nervous system will be primarily responsible for the pain she feels? B) Amanda is within her rights to leave any question blank if she chooses, and the experimenter has definitely "crossed a line" A key requirement for the process of testing hypotheses in the scientific method is How does a polar covalent bond differ from an ionic bond? Based on your study materials or settings, participants might guess at the aim of the study, and their interpretations could influence their behaviors or responses. \text{Jan. 10}&\text{Sales\hspace{65pt}}&&&&\text{80 units @ \$15}\\ C) threaten the validity of a study What explains the clip's enduring appeal? B) Classical conditioning A) 150 Neuroscience studies are based on the _____ approaches to psychology. B) action potential Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to conduct research on how a child processes information and solves problems? \textbf{Sanderson Manufacturing Company}\\ A) research cues. You get up, pick up your things, and walk out the classroom door. Saundra says that whenever she drinks coffee in the evenings, it interferes with her ability to fall asleep. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is most likely playing a predominant role in their adaptability? C) The neural impulse direction of the causal relationship between two variables. Webb. Dr. Okawa is interested in studying the effect of neurological trauma on short-term memory. B) if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group only by chance, the actual similarities between the groups will sustain over the long run. Experimenters should be able to intervene in some way to test and measure the phenomenon of interest. c-threaten the validity of D) stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron. D) Darwin created functionalism, B) Darwin's principle of natural selection suggests that human behavior is partially a result of efforts to survive, Two psychologists Clayton and Sam, are interested in studying emotional expressions. C) unconditioned stimulus. D) subject review, In the context of descriptive research methods in psychology, _____ are performed mainly by clinical psychologists when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals. Dr. Cardinale is interested in the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence. D) Sigmund Freud; Wilhelm Wundt, The approach to psychology that is most interested in early childhood relationships is WebFor example, people with low self-esteem agree that they feel they are a person of worth not because they really feel this way but because they believe this is the socially appropriate response and do not want to look bad in the eyes of the researcher. Professor Izadi is interested in determining the association between sleep and cognitive performance. You compare three different types of music with each other. A) prototype C) Liver WebIn experimental research, demand characteristics tend to threaten the validity of a study. Deception can mean keeping some information from participants or actively misleading them about the study tasks, materials, or aims. D) motivated forgetting is a poor treatment for overcoming traumatic events, B) most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something, When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____. C) Chromosomes These study characteristics place hidden demands on participants to respond in a particular way once they perceive them. A=[476231512]A=\left[\begin{array}{rrr}4 & 7 & 6 \\ -2 & 3 & 1 \\ 5 & 1 & 2\end{array}\right] B) advocates that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember D) American Psychological Association, A study could possibly put participants at risk of harm, but the participants are not told about that risk. C) ribosome \text { d. } & 60,000 & 36,000 & 24,000 \\ Webin experimental research, demand characteristics tend to a-increase the reliability of experimental results. You can control demand characteristics by taking a few precautions in your research design and materials. According to the principle of _____, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop. Required: According to the _____, people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment. Psychology is the _____________ study of _____________ and mental processes. In a psychological experiment, a demand characteristic is a subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how Lionel is asking his employees to engage in _____. If Professor Jung wants to be able to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from her research, which of the following is the most crucial aspect of her experimental design? B) antagonist/agonist WebExperimental Research Designs The staple of all designs is the experimental research design. Dr. Badal is a psychologist who studies achievement motivation among groups of African American, Latino, and Asian American people. (Round per unit costs and inventory amounts to cents.) C) heuristic thinking Why do demand characteristics matter in research? C) Endorphins In psychology experiments, demand characteristics can arise from many sources. a. Which of the following statements about correlational research is FALSE. C) oxytocin/endorphin The axon is B) Proactive interference B) central nervous system Whats the difference between demand characteristics and social desirability bias? A) the humanistic approach Participants begin by memorizing a list of words, and they list as many as they can recall between listening to the music and completing the mood ratings. b. eliminate confounds in a study. A) Deductive reasoning B) The participants were all women If you decide to use the problem-solving strategy of subgoaling, you would do which of the following? In randomized experiments, research subjects are randomly assigned to different levels of the hypothesized cause variable (i.e., experimental conditions) by the researchers. B) positive reinforcement/negative reinforcement https://quizlet.com/371458178/chapter-1-psych-quiz-flash-cards April is the shortest woman in her class and when she reads about the study she becomes upset. _____ are secreted by the adrenal glands.